Vincent van Gogh Example For Students

Vincent van Gogh Biography Vincent van Gogh (1853â€1890). Dutch painter, conceived in Zundert. Child of a Calvinist minister in Holland, after he left school he attempted a few occupations without progress, including working for a craftsmanship dealer’s firm in Amsterdam and London, educating, and as an evangelist on the Belgian coalfields, before going at last to workmanship (1880). Hisâ early pictures, for example The Potato Eaters, are serious in tone and subject, a change coming in 1886, when in Paris he came to know crafted by Millet and the Impressionists. But,â though he painted somewhere in the range of 200 pictures as of now, the Impressionist strategies didn't fulfill him and he didn't arrive at his full development until he went (1888) to Arles in Provence. Here in the burst of southern daylight, he communicated the shrouded disturbance of his tendency in pictures lively with power and falling with shading. Essential hues, reds, yellows, blues, were crushed directly from cylinder to canvas and spread with wide bending brushstrokes. We will compose a custom paper on Vincent van Gogh explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now Scenes, insides, sunflowers, bistro scenes, self-pictures †the subjects were rehashed again and again during this last time of bewildering efficiency. In any case, however this is only from time to time perceptible in his photos, his psyche was at that point giving way. In December 1888, as a demonstration of edginess (irritated by tinnitus), he cut off piece of his left ear with the razor he used to compromise *Gauguin. (The observed Self-picture with wrapped ear is an identical representation.) Inâ 1889 he went to a neighborhood refuge and in May 1890 put himself under the consideration of Dr Paul Gachet at Ouvers-sur-Oise, close to Paris, and at his home he shot himself, passing on two days after the fact. Just four or five of Van Gogh’s artworks were sold in the course of his life, and just the understanding assistance of his sibling Theo, to whom he composed most movingly of his sufferings, spared him from complete desperation and empowered him to battle on in neediness, and constant sadness overwhelmed him. His sister-in-law, Johanna van Gogh-Bonger, sorted out presentations and advanced his work, and fakes were circling by 1900. Ofâ 879 compositions in the 1970 list, maybe 100 are in question. His Irises (1890) was wrecked at sell off in New York to the Australian Alan Bond for $US53.9 million in November 1987 and later sold at a lower cost to the Getty Museum. The centennial of van Gogh’s passing made global intrigue and in May 1990 his Portrait of Dr Gachet was sold for $US82.5 million to a Japanese authority, Ryoei Saito, who declared that he needed the composition to be incinerated with him on his demise. A pen drawing, Garden of Flowers, was sold for $US8.36 million inâ 1990.

the development of the atomic theory essays

the advancement of the nuclear hypothesis articles The Greek idea of atomos: the molecule Around 440 BC leucippus of Miletus started the particle idea. He and his understudy, Democritus of abdera refined it for sometime later. Their nuclear thought has five significant focuses. Every unique composition of leucippus and Democritus are lost. The main sources we have for there atomistic thoughts are inquotations from different authors. Democritus was known as the chuckling logician since he delighted in life to such an extent. As of now Greek way of thinking was around 150 years of age, developing in the 6th century bc, focused in the city of miletus on the ionian coast in Asia minor, which is currently turkey. Crafted by leucippus and Democritus was additionally evolved by epicures (341-270 BC) of Samos. He made thoughts all the more for the most part known. Aristotle additionally cites them two in contending against their thoughts. The majority of what we think about leucippus and Democritus was found in a sonnet entitled de rerum natura (on the idea of things) composed by Lucretius (95-55 BC). This sonnet was lost for over a thousand years and was found in 1417. These are the fundamental purposes of their hypothesis. #1 - all issue is made out of iotas, which are bits of issue to little to be seen. These can't be part any littler. The atomists hold that parting stops when it arrives at indissoluble particles and goes on no more Which implies there is a breaking point to division of issue that we can't go. Particles are extremely hard so they can't be separated. In Greek a signifies not and tomos signifies cut. So our statement originates from atomos, which means uncuttable. He contemplated that if matter could be boundlessly isolated, it could likewise totally break down and can't be assembled back, anyway matter can recover. Despite the fact that issue can be demolished by parting, new things can be made by combining other issue. This procedure is reversible. The possibility of reversibility implies there must be a cutoff to parting. In the event that it could be part perpetually, there is nothing to prevent it from annihilating ... <!

Pollock - An Overview of the Biopic essays

Pollock - An Overview of the Biopic articles For my film, I decided to cover the biopic, Pollock, featuring Ed Harris. The film covers the mind boggling life of one of America's most theoretical painters, Jackson Pollock. The film's lead, Ed Harris, was a phenomenal decision for the job. A little-known actuality, Ed Harris' dad purchased his child a book about Jackson Pollock just in light of the fact that he felt Ed looked to some extent like the painter. Since the time at that point, Ed Harris got intrigued with Pollock's life. (IMDB, 2000) This permitted him to depict the job in an extremely close to home, all around educated way. Along these lines, the film really permitted me to look into the craftsman's life and addition a more profound thankfulness for the outside components that influenced the workmanship made by such an eminent craftsman. The film truly strolls us through what Jackson Pollock experienced during his vocation and short life. It begins at the peak of his profession with the craftsman marking Life magazines that he was included on. It at that point rapidly flashes back to the start, the battles he confronted, and the trouble he had getting his specialty exhibited. You can see the dissatisfaction depicted, and you can detect that he's practically prepared to surrender. He's living with his sibling Sande in a little condo, when Lee Krasner chooses to mediate. She carries Jackson home with her and turns into his administrator. All through everything, liquor is continually disrupting the general flow and causing grief for everybody in his life. He gets a genuinely serious deal from Peggy Guggenheim, who he nearly lays down with and that prompts some moderate achievement. He weds Lee and spotlights on his profession, the liquor despite everything impeding any kind of harmony. Life magazine does an element stor y on him and things show signs of improvement. He eases off of liquor incidentally and that makes a superior mind-set and relative harmony. The harmony didn't keep going for long and after a picture taker endeavoring to make a film on Jackson triggers his drinking, things winding downwards. He lets it turn crazy and blo... <!

Top 5 Postgraduate Subjects for Employability in the UK

Top 5 Postgraduate Subjects for Employability in the UK Being able to find a job after you leave university is very important, but with more and more graduates gaining degrees each year it is becoming harder to identify what degrees make you a desirable employee. Whilst there are jobs which are directly vocational, such as midwifery and nursing, this list focuses on the degrees that make you a desirable candidate for multiple industries and fields of employment. Computer sciences Being educated in computer sciences gives you an advantage when it comes to areas of employment. Mankind’s growing interest and dependence on technology means that there is a greater demand for people who have the ability to understand how to develop, repair or destroy certain computer software. There are many different avenues one can go down should they gain a degree in computer sciences, many of which are particularly well paid. Mathematics To quote Bob Marley ‘money is numbers and the numbers never end’ aside from his point, being that money and therefore numbers will never bring you true happiness, they do make it considerably easier for you to find a job if you know how to work with them. Mathematics is intrinsically linked to the burgeoning economy surrounding computers, technology and programming and so it is always useful in helping to find you a job. Not only that, but accountancy is also a very legitimate option for those who have studied mathematics. Civil engineering Civil engineering involves the upkeep, renewal and construction of a number of different things that are fundamentally important to modern living. All the while the human species needs houses, transport networks and running water, we will also need civil engineers. There are countless opportunities for those in this field. Aerospace engineering As humans we are always looking to explore farther than we have ever done before. Aerospace engineering is the field that will carry us out into space, to boldly go where no man has gone before. Not only is the field of aerospace engineering incredibly difficult, but it is also one that holds many an opportunity for those who successfully complete the degree. International relations This may seem like a wild card on the list, and is finally a point for the social science and the humanities students. People who study international relations often find it easier to not only find a job but to also make an above average wage within their field. The world is a complicated place and there will always be a need for people to help try to make sense of it all. International relations covers a number of different job roles, and is a degree that can be built upon by specialising in specific fields. Do not despair if your degree is not on the list, there are plenty of employers who will judge you based on your performance rather than your specific degree. If you are a student of one of the lucky five on the list, make sure to make the most of your degree!

The Truth About The Model Minority - 1967 Words

Daniel Do English 102 Dr. Vargas February 26, 2015 Research Paper: The Truth about the Model Minority â€Å"Hey you’re good at math†, â€Å"Hey you’re dumb for an Asian†, â€Å"Well of course he’s good at that, he’s Asian†. These are the phrases that defined my childhood and still are relevant to my daily life. These are phrases are a part of what society calls today â€Å"The Model Minority Myth†. This all started during World War II, where Chinese and Japanese Americans adopted a plan to promote assimilation with the American people. With this plan, they succeeded in proving to America, that they worked harder, were more focused on education to gain their success. While the other minorities protest to get civil rights, the Asians gained their rights by just†¦show more content†¦It robs them of their own path. It sets a path for them, whether it may be good or bad. Although its not the end of the world for them, it could set up a nightmarish future for the Asian children. Those Asians are left in the dark, those Asians are looking at long and dark road with no aid what so ever. By putting all Asians into one category, is no different than the racial discrimination of the 1960s in the United States of America towards African Americans. Although not as bad, the general idea is the same. In today’s society, where we promote equality and fairness, how are we going to let the Model Minority run rampant? Although the Model Minority may seem positive, it has dire consequences. The Model Minority myth not only effects the education system but altercations with the law as well. â€Å"There is the story of Kuanchang Kao, an intoxicated Chinese-American fatally shot in 1997 by police threatened by his â€Å"martial arts† moves.†(Why Ferguson Should Matter to Asian Americans) As said in the article, this incident parallels the incident that has happened in Ferguson but did not receive national attention that the Ferguson case has gotten. This is mostly like due to the Model Minority. As it puts Asian Americans in a spotlight of success and makes Asian Americans disregard the validity of their struggles. Jack Linshi says that due to the Model Minority the idea of the Asian American struggle has been erased from the American

Identify and Explain Five Metrics Used to Evaluate Hr Performance free essay sample

The indicators are therefore broadly categorized in the following formats. These are: 1. Talent Retention Management 2. Recruiting Effectiveness 3. Productivity 4. Compensation and Pay Management 5. Performance Management TALENT RETENTION MANAGEMENT Talent Retention Management is an organizations commitment to recruit, retain, and develop the most talented and superior employees available in the job market. So, talent management is a useful term when it describes an organizations commitment to hire, manage and retain talented employees. It comprises all f the work processes and systems that are related to retaining and developing a superior workforce. What appears to differentiate talent management focused practitioners and organizations from organizations that use terminology such as human capital management or performance management, is their focus on the managers role, as opposed to reliance on Human Resources, for the life cycle of an employee within an organization. Practitioner s of the other two employee development and retention strategies would argue that, for example, performance management has the same set of best practices. It is just called by a different name. Talent management does give managers a significant role and responsibility in the recruitment process and in the ongoing development of and retention of superior employees. In some organizations, only top potential employees are included in the talent management system. In other companies, every employee is included in the process. Talent management is a business strategy and must be fully integrated within all of the employee related processes of the organization. Attracting and retain talented employees, in a talent management system, is the job of every member of the organization, but especially managers who have reporting staff (talent). An effective strategy also involves the sharing of information about talented employees and their potential career paths across the organization. This enables various departments to identify available talent when opportunities are made or arise. In larger organizations, talent management requires Human Resources Information Systems (HRIS) that track the career paths of employees and manage available opportunities for talented employees. RECRUITING EFFECTIVENESS On the other hand, selecting great staff is key for business success. Talented people who continue to develop skills and increase their value to your organization and to your customers are your most important resource. Heres how to select and retain these people and create an environment in which they continue to thrive. The primary elements of any plan to improve the quality of the staff you employ include improving the quality of new hires, identifying and retaining superior employees, and developing employees (especially those with high potential for growth). A performance development approach to providing job expectations and feedback will assist with this process. At the same time, we need to take a look at underperforming staff. Ask whether each individual is in the wrong job. Determine whether we have provided specific and clear requirements so the individual knows what you expect from him. The most important outputs for the performance appraisal, from each persons job, may not be defined or measurable in current work system. We should make the appraisal system one step harder to manage and tie the employees salary increase to their numeric rating. Productivity Increasing productivity is one of the most critical goals in business. Unfortunately, it’s an activity seldom accepted by HR Heads as a legitimate mandate. While most HR professionals acknowledge that their job entails establishing policy, procedures, and programs governing people management, few attempt to connect such elements to increasing employee output (volume, speed, and quality) per each dollar spent on labor costs (or as an easier to measure alternative, revenue per employee). Bonus programs are typically enacted that keep total compensation in line with market trends, regardless of the value of work warranting incentive comp. Training tools are often secured via the lowest-cost provider method ith minimal consideration given to which provider would be most effective. Recruiting practices too are more often managed with the primary goal of minimizing cost, not enabling business capability/capacity. Regardless of the function you look at, in the typical organization, HR is more concerned with executing transactions instead of delivering p roductivity solutions. COMPENSATION PAY MANAGEMENT Would the three salespersons and the receptionist work for free? No. They would, like us all, expect something in return. We must have heard a common phrase: Give and Take. We always have to give things to people in return to what we take from them. Compensation refers to this exchange, but in monetary terms. Compensation is the employers feedback for an employees work. Gary Dessler in his book Human Resource Management defines compensation in these words Employee compensation refers to all forms of pay going to employees and arising from their employment. The phrase all forms of pay in the definition does not include non-financial benefits, but all the direct and indirect financial compensations. BENEFITS: Employees today are not willing to work only for the cash alone, they expect extra. This extra is known as employee benefits. Also known as fringe benefits, Employee benefits are non-financial form of compensation offered in addition to cash salary to enrich workers’ lives. Employee benefits are not performance-based, they are membership-based. Workers receive benefits regardless of their performances. Employee benefits as a whole have no direct affect on employee performance, however, inadequate benefits do contribute to low satisfaction level and increase absenteeism and turnover in employees. While deciding on the benefits package, it is essential to consider the associated costs. ADVANTAGES OF COMPENSATION BENEFITS 1. Job satisfaction 2. Motivation 3. Low Absenteeism 4. Low Turnover Productivity Increasing productivity is one of the most critical goals in business. Unfortunately, it’s an activity seldom accepted by HR Heads as a legitimate mandate. While most HR professionals acknowledge that their job entails establishing policy, procedures, and programs governing people management, few attempt to connect such elements to increasing employee output (volume, speed, and quality) per each dollar spent on labor costs (or as an easier to measure alternative, revenue per employee). Bonus programs are typically enacted that keep total compensation in line with market trends, regardless of the value of work warranting incentive comp. Training tools are often secured via the lowest-cost provider method with minimal consideration given to which provider would be most effective. Recruiting practices too are more often managed with the primary goal of minimizing cost, not enabling business capability/capacity. Regardless of the function you look at, in the typical organization, HR is more concerned with executing transactions instead of delivering productivity solutions. PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT Much work is invested, on the front end, to improve a traditional employee appraisal process. In fact, managers can feel as if the new process is too time consuming. Once the foundation of developmental goals is in place, however, time to administer the system decreases. Each of these steps is taken with the participation and cooperation of the employee, for best results Human Resource Management (HRM) has never been as significant as it is today. Companies want to attract, retain and motivate brains to meet objectives. Today Humans are regarded as one of every company’s assets so they need to be efficiently and effectively managed. One of the tools companies use to attract, retain and motivate its people is Compensation Management. In this hub, I shall define compensation and benefits along with their advantages for a company and its workers. If as HR performers we believe that the combined efforts of the human resource function should positively influence the performance capability of the workforce instead of hindering it, we should understand the factors that influence performance.

Psychosocial Issues in the Health Care of Children and Young People Essay Example

Psychosocial Issues in the Health Care of Children and Young People Essay R Psychosocial Issues in the Health Care of Children and Young people. A case study discussing the application and analysis of theories applicable to the psychological care of and child and their family. A case study discussing the application and analysis of theories applicable to the psychological care of and child and their family. I’m going to discuss a case study of a child named Jake. The name has been changed to comply with NMC confidentiality (Nursing and Midwifery Council 2012). Jake is four, and has been admitted to hospital due to a head injury. He also suffers from Asthma. The story behind this accident is vague and this family had previously contact with social services for child protection issues and the suspicion of abuse. This essay will consider the psychological effects this abuse may have on Jake; it will not discuss the actual reporting of the abuse. Jake is at an age where he requires psychological support and interaction to enable his development; Piaget demonstrated this though his Theory of Cognitive Development. Piaget believed that children go through a multiple number of stages of development and move from one stage to another once they achieve specific developmental milestones (Oakley 2004). This is backed up by Ericson’s stages of psychosocial development. He believed each stage of development has a specific conflict that the child has to overcome before moving to the next stage. If a child is unable to successfully overcome a particular conflict, the child will remain stuck at that stage until they are able to resolve that issue (Shaffer 2005). We will write a custom essay sample on Psychosocial Issues in the Health Care of Children and Young People specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Psychosocial Issues in the Health Care of Children and Young People specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Psychosocial Issues in the Health Care of Children and Young People specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It is thought that in order to move through these stages children need stimulation, encouragement and love from those around them. This will allow them build their trust, confidence and sense of security overall helping them successfully develop psychologically, in the form of social skills, cognitive and emotional development. In this case Jake may not have had the opportunity for this development due to possible neglect and abuse. He is less likely to be encouraged and may be anxious and insecure with a lack of trust in all adults. This means he may not thrive and will be ‘stuck’ at Piaget and Ericson’s development stages (Wadsworth 2004). There are many psychological theories and explanations that can be applied to this case with Jake, due to these disruptive and uneasy first few years of his life. Jake is very likely to have experienced a lot of stress. Stress can be defined as physical, mental, or emotional factor that affect the functioning of the body (Weller 2009). It becomes a problem when stress reactions are so severe that the child is unable to handle them effectively, which could apply to Jake. This stress experienced from abuse starts as a daily hassle, but can lead to more long term chronic stress (Thomas 2007). Jake is currently experiencing both types of stress, firstly due to the chronic stress of abuse and secondly the additional stress of coming into hospital. Being only four he is not old enough to manage stress or understand what he’s going though, therefore it’s likely to have a huge effect on him and his development as he can’t manage it effectively. At this age, this stress response allows the child to gain control in the short term yet not manage the long term stress. He is likely to express extreme behaviors in order to cope including, withdrawal, denial and impulsive acting out. These are defense mechanisms, which are ineffective in the long term, and lead to a more extreme way to cope, this could be shown by, panic, depression, self-harm and refusal to play with his peers (Kostelnik 1998). This is the type of coping mechanism a boy of Jake’s age is likely to express. Stress is said to be divided into three different ‘types. Positive stress, this is experienced in everyday life and is essential for development such as meeting new people or going to a new school. Tolerable stress causes more distress but is short lived, such as the death of a loved one. The third is toxic stress; this is what Jake is experiencing as a result of the abuse he is experiencing. If toxic stress is sustained over a long period of time the stress response system gets activated for the equivalent amount of time. This can lead to permanent changes in the development of the brain. Toxic stress is caused by abuse or neglect. (Shonkoff 2000). Biological Psychologists have also found a correlation between toxic stress and bodily development (National Scientific Council on the Developing Child 2004). Examples of this include impairment of the brain circuits, which can result in a smaller brain size, as well as the hormones released due to toxic stress damaging parts of the brain responsible for memory and learning. In Jakes case, this type of stress he is experiencing could influence his learning and development as he goes into adulthood, however, this is a correlation; cause and effect cannot be established (Middlebrooks 2008). Stress can have a large influence on the health of the child. A stressed child will firstly show outward signs of stress, these will include being upset, crying, whilst having little trust in adults. Stress is also likely to have an influence upon development including children’s physical, psychological, emotional well-being as well as their ability to concentrate and learn (Thomas 2007). Jake’s behavior shows that he is experiencing anxiety; so he is therefore expressing symptoms such as nausea, racing heart rate and muscle pain. It is known that the long term effects of anxiety can also influence his immune system, this is due to the levels of stress hormones released (Glaser 2008). His body is constantly in the ‘fight or flight’ mode, which is due to the level of stress hormone corticosteroids and adrenaline being released. This focuses the body’s attention away from systems, including the immune system, making him more susceptible to illness (Selye 1997). The physical abuse and limited nurturance that Jake is experiencing could also be linked to chronic impairment; this could explain why Jake has asthma. A study carried out by Coogan found childhood abuse causes stress that leads to â€Å"physiological consequences. † The stress of living in an abusive situation takes a toll on the body, specifically on the immune system and on airway development; this is evident in Jakes case (Coogan 2006). This stress is likely to also influence Jakes social development, which is an important development stage for a boy of Jakes age. If Jake has been neglected, his parents may have not helped him develop social skills and taught him how to interact with others, this will influence his speech development. When he starts school, this will have a big impact on his ability to interact with peers and teachers. It will also influence his ability to have friendships and learn to play with others as he is unable to interact with them. Jake is likely to get frustrated which could lead to signs of aggression as this is what he thinks is the ‘correct’ way to act towards others due to this early experience of abuse (Haskett 1999). Jakes role model will be his primary care givers of who are also likely to be his abusers. Even in this situation Jake will want to ‘be like’ these role models, unfortunately they are not showing him the correct way to behave. Their behaviors will be expressed by Jake too, which will lead to serious social problems. He will also be confused when he is told his behavior is not correct, as he doesn’t known any different, this can be frustrating for him and could lead to him becoming violent and in the long term effect his education (Smith 2004). As a result of Jakes poor development, he is likely to under-achieve in school and subsequently to have a low income as an adult. As a consequence of this he is also likely to have children at a very early age, and provide poor health care, nutrition and stimulation to his children, therefore contributing to poverty and further poor development. Research has also found that he is likely to demonstrate this abusive behavior onto his own children (World Health Organization 2009). The long-term effects of stress have been widely researched by psychologists. However, it is difficult to determine whether childhood stress was the route cause. The Nature/Nurture debate by Darwin is relevant to the impact of childhood experiences. Darwin questions whether the stress experienced during childhood lead to consequences in adulthood (Nurture) or if genetic makeup and traits have an impact (Nature) (Paris 2005). The long-term effects of stress were researched by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. They looked into the link between childhood stressors and adult health. They conducted a study on adverse childhood experiences (ACE), including abuse and neglect. They interviewed 170,000 participants and around one third stated they experienced an ACE during their childhood. The ACE Study uses the ACE Score; this calculated the total number of ACE respondents reported. The ACE Score is used to assess the total amount of stress during childhood as the number of ACE increase, the risk of health problems increases. Health problems include alcohol abuse, cardiac problems, depression and teenage pregnancy (Middlebrooks 2008). Children react to stress and learn to cope in many ways, including: defense mechanisms, such as denial, regression, withdrawal and impulsive acting-out. These stress responses can allow the child to temporarily gain a sense of control or balance. However, these defense mechanisms are generally not productive in the long-term and can lead to more serious stress responses, including, panic, self-harm and refusal to play with their peers (Kostelnik 1998). Therefore, support from the parents is necessary for children to learn how to respond to stress in a physically and emotionally healthy manner. Another appropriate theory in relation on Jake is attachment theory. This is referred to as the innate strong emotional bond between an infant and primary care giver (PCG), which is present in the long-term. Attachment is an important process, as children’s physical, emotional, and psychological development depends on attachments formed with the PCG. While the supply of food, clothing, and shelter is important, it is not enough to promote development. Loving care and attention are also needed if children are to grow into adults capable of forming healthy relationships with others. Attachment is the basis for a child’s understanding of themselves, the world and the people in it. This theory was developed by John Bowlby in 1969. This bond starts to form from birth and is usually with the child’s mother or father (Walker 2002). In the case of Jake, he is less likely to have formed this type of attachment with his parents. Children who have been abused have usually also experienced neglect and rejection. They have not formed the emotional bond due to not receiving positive care and attention from them, as they are punished or hurt by the people they spend most of their time with. Chronic experiences like this result in fear and insecurity, which then undermine the child’s ability to form attachment, as well as the child linking the attachment figure to pain and injury (Prior 2006). The attachment bond has several key elements. Attachment is turning to PCG to protect us and to manage our feelings, fears, anxieties, and distress as well as being a ‘safe base’. The loss or threat of loss of the person evokes distress. This first bond is thought by psychologists to form a working framework for future relationships. A successful relationship with the PCG during infancy will affect future relationships, whereas a poor relationship with the PCG during infancy is linked to emotional and behavioral problems later in life (Perry 2010). Mary Ainsworth looked into Bowlbys Attachment theory in more depth; she divided attachment up into different types and studied the effect this had on their psychological health and relationship formation, as well as how children responded to their PCG. The study involved observing children between the ages of 12 to 18 months responding to a situation in which they were briefly left alone and then reunited with their mother (Ainsworth, 1978). Ainsworth concluded that there were three major styles of attachment: secure attachment, ambivalent-insecure attachment, and avoidant-insecure attachment. These early attachment styles have an influence upon behaviors in later life (Colin 2000). In the case with Jake, he is likely to be in the category of insecure-avoidant attachment to his PCG. In the strange situation an insecure-avoidant child will fail to develop any feelings of security from the attachment figure. Accordingly they exhibit difficulty moving away from the attachment figure to explore surroundings. When distressed they are difficult to soothe and are not comforted by the PCG. This is due to the extreme lack of trust in the PCG as well as not getting responsive, nurturing, consistent care in the early weeks and months of their lives They don’t know how to receive this reassuring care in a distressing situation, which is how Jake is likely to respond in this situation (Crittenden 2001). However this study was in an artificial environment so has low ecological validity, as well as it only showing the attachment towards one PCG, whom may not be the main attachment figure, the unusual environment may influence the child’s behavior also. For Jake multiple problems are likely to arise due to this disordered attachment in early life. Some issues are obvious such as development delays, such as language development, social behaviors and cognitive development, this is due to the early bond between child and PCG is not present which is a vital for development. Emotional functioning is usually also disordered in abused children, they maybe ‘too loving’ and hug virtual strangers, this is likely to be ‘safety seeking’ behavior to try to avoid further abuse (McPherson 2002). Children also mirror adult behavior. In this case of abused children, such as Jake, the children learn that this behavior is the ‘correct’ way to interact with others, causing problems in current and future social encounters. Another major problem with these children is aggression; this is thought to be due to lack of empathy and poor impulse control. Children like Jake do not understand others have feelings and the impact their actions may have on others. They are also likely to hurt animals, smaller children and siblings due to wanting the hurtful control their PCG has over them (Kail 2006). Based on current evidence, it is important that when children like Jake come into the healthcare setting they receive the appropriate care both physically and emotionally to make sure they are safe and their experience of coming into hospital causes as little distress as possible. Empathy and consideration should be expressed by the nurses looking after him. They need to meet his needs yet be careful ad he is likely to be hostile and have a lack of trust in any adults. He is also going to be unable to verbalize his feelings as well as adults can, due to not having their words to describe his fears and worries. Nurses need to take this into account and use different ways to allow Jake to discuss his worries, for example though play. Jake is also unable to take positive action towards managing stress when it arises, nurses should strive to relive this stress wherever possible and offer initiatives such as counseling to the children like Jake to help reduce this stress. Whilst Jake is in hospital it is important to reassure him he isn’t being punished for being ill. He may think that he has done something wrong, which is why he has been taken from his home and adults may be hurting him by the forms of injections and medication. This needs to be explained to Jake, so he gains trust in the medical staff, this can be done by making his time in hospital enjoyable and getting him involved. A new initiative has also been realized which teaches healthcare staff how to recognize children who come in suffering from abuse or neglect. This will help them build up a better picture of what is happening in the child’s life so they can alert social services if they think something might be wrong (Poulter 2012). In conclusion Jake’s situation has raised many psychological concerns about how his development is being influenced by his abusive relationship with his parents. This stress he is experiencing and the complicated attachment he has to his parents could also lead onto other psychological problems such as depression, social problems and maybe even become a risk to his health as well as extensive development problems. Nurses should work as part of a multi-disciplinary team with social services and Jakes parents to help protect Jake and his future. Ainsworth (1978). Patterns of Attachment: A Psychological Study of the Strange Solution. New Jersey: Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication . p. 45. Colin (2000). Human Attachment. 2nd ed. London: Temple University Press. p. 47-48. Crittenden. (2001). Child maltreatment and attachment theory. Available: http://www. patcrittenden. com/include/docs/Crittenden_Ainsworth_1989. pdf. Last accessed 25th March 2013. Haskett (1999). 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